Michel Foucault (1926-1984) was a French philosopher, sociologist, and historian interested in the construction of knowledge and power through discourse. In other words we challenged the god trick of an all-encompassing, unlocated perspective, in Donna Haraways terms (Haraway, 1988, p. 581). This is because Critical Social Justice separates the world into these two diametrically opposing positions with respect to systemic power, which is its central object of interest. I draw on his theories in this discussion). In N. Miller (Ed. The . A conflict occurred between Ronnis perspective and that of school personnel when Tara disclosed her pregnancy to Ronni. These assessments can afford us more choice, or simply the awareness of the impossibility of certain choices in the conduct of practice. Deconstructing dominant discourse in therapy and counseling . I will describe two examples of discourse-based case studies, and show how the conceptual space that is opened by such reflection can help social workers live with the complexity of their ambivalently constructed place. Ms. M had immigrated to Canada when she was an adolescent. In narrative therapy, there is an emphasis on the stories that you develop and carry with you through your life. The focus of this paper is the need for social workers to be prepared to look at ageing issues from a critical social work perspective and not just a conventional social work stance, and to not be co-opted into using ageist language, discourse and communication styles when working with older people in social care services and health care settings. Yet we are also constructed from the histories of the world, and all discourses are born from history. Carolyn Taylor and Susan White make a distinction between reflection and reflexivity where the latter adds a critical dimension by calling taken-for-granted assumptions into questions (Taylor & White, 2000). For example: A dominant discourse of gender often positions women as gentle and men as active heroes. He notes that discourse is distinctly material in effect, producing what he calls 'practices that systematically form the objects of which they speak'. In doing so it produces much of what occurs within us and within society. I will describe two examples of discourse-based case studies, and show how the conceptual space that is opened by such reflection can help social workers gain a necessary distance from the complexity of their ambivalently constructed place. The hold of possessive individualism in the helping professions means that the target of practice is the individual, community, or family in the present . I understand these vantage points in the case studies I will describe as: 1) an historical consciousness, 2) access to understanding what is left out of discourses in use, 3) understanding of how actors are positioned in discourse, all leading to: 4) a new set of questions which expose the gap between the construction of practice possibilities and social justice values, thus allowing for a new understanding of the limitations, constraints and possibilities within the context of the practice problem. Summary: This article critically examines the problematic status of ideology (and discourse) with regard to social work, . Maxine pointed out, for example, that Caribbean women were previously allowed to immigrate to Canada to take up positions as domestic servants but were expressly forbidden to bring their children. Discourse is a coherently-arranged, serious and systematic treatment of a topic in spoken or written language. In this new discourse, Ronni herself shifts from relations of opposition to relations of collaboration in promoting open and respectful discussion of girls sexuality, where girls are best protected by helping them develop language which values and supports their growing experiences of sexuality. The concepts of discourse, power and governmentality have become important in understanding social processes. Perhaps an alternative way to understand burnout is to see it as deep disappointment that results when we are unable to enact the values we hold and have been encouraged to hold, and when that disappointment is interpolated as our fault or the agencys fault, at the expense of understanding the social construction of the failure. They can be found in many forms of media and communication. Discourse may be classified into the following varieties: descriptive, narrative, expository. Maxine considered how she was positioned both by discourses of professionalism and by the attachment discourses used to explain Ms. M. As a professional with statutory power, Maxine was given Caribbean family cases due to her insider status. Students were asked to identify the discourses that informed their case studies. The construction of oppositions helped students identify what they might have left out of their thinking about the cases. London: Routledge. Maxine was devastated at her inability to put the relationship between mother and daughter to rights. Understanding our perspectives as contingent enables us to understand our own complicated construction within a field of multiple stories giving rise to multiple perspectives. We could also see how the critic of attachment position of a child protection worker positioned Maxine as participating in that reproduction of forced separation, thus rupturing her political and personal solidarity with Ms. M. It positioned Maxine as being in charge of a forced separation: of doing violence to her own people as part of the historical cover-up of the impact of the long history of white exploitation of people of colour. Finally the strengths perspective will be . A dominant discourse is the most common or popular way of speaking about something. In our case, the class project was to scrutinize the knowledge claims embedded in cases and to understand the implication of such claims for their affective relationship to practice as well as on the experience of their clients. The Haraway, D. (1988). ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/discourse-definition-3026070. Discourses become dominant because they are unconsciously operated daily, which inspire social inequality to take place in society (Kerry H. Robinson show more content These behaviors and patterns of speech and writing reflect the ideologies of those who have the most power in the society. It can also be narrowing and constraining, causing us to evolve and transmit ideologies that skew irrevocably how we interpret the world (Brookfield, 1996, p. 36). A 13-yr old girl, Tara, was referred to Ronni Gorman for counseling. This discursive position effectively disallowed a subject position of another sort: solidarity with her client. Biomedicine is a dominant and pervasive model in health care settings and there are strengths and limitations in working within the this discourse. (Gee 8). Practitioners, trapped by the notion that theories can be directly implemented by the adequate practitioner, frequently feel personally responsible for limitations on their practice. Maxine made extraordinary efforts to help Ms. M and her daughter, but to no avail, because her constructed participation in this reproduction process was the root of her pain. Thus, ideologies have both a theoretical . The second case study (Gorman, 2004) takes place during a practicum in a school setting. In this sense, sociologists frame discourse as a productive force because it shapes our thoughts, ideas, beliefs, values, identities, interactions with others, and our behavior. These discourses are effects of power, usually when an opposing discourse is mobilized to resist another. Given the mandate of working with marginalized people, this particular nexus is a place of crushing ambivalence. Ronnis approach had an explicitly political agenda: she opposed prevention discourses as ways of silencing female desire. While not eschewing the need to take positions in other words, without advocating relativism students could look at ways of thinking, at alternative perspectives that were outside the terms of the oppositions. Take, for example, the relationship between mainstream media (an institution) and the anti-immigrant discourse that pervades U.S. society. The community discourse is consistent with the social work value base in emphasising social justice, community empowerment and the rights of marginalised groups (Ife, 2008). Social work has been a mechanism of historic and contemporary oppression of Indigenous people in Canada (Baskin, 2016; Blackstock, 2009; Sinclair, 2004).Using moralizing and normalizing discourses, social work has advanced a state-sanctioned, settler colonialist agenda that has harmed Indigenous individuals, families, and communities over generations. It has proved difficult to reconcile conventional theories of practice with a vision of social work as social justice work. It focuses specifically on participant . 16, Issue. We then asked what was left out when discourses were set in opposition. The social reality that creates cultural binaries and unfairness. We frequently found that dependencies within competing discourses were obscured by oppositions. These were oppositional discourses. Further, they suggest that reflexivity is not simply an augmentation of practice by individual professionals, but a profession-wide responsibility. The knowledge she is expected to deploy is based on attachment theory the personality damage that results from interrupted early attachment. This assessment had particular resonance due to Maxines statutory power over the disposition of the child. In social work research, this ap- The dominant discourse on immigration, which is anti-immigrant in nature, and endowed with authority and legitimacy, create subject positions like citizenpeople with rights in need of protectionand objects like illegalsthings that pose a threat to citizens. Mainstream media typically adopt the dominant state-sanctioned discourse and showcases it by giving airtime and print space to authority figures from those institutions. Indeed, more how tos could only add to their apology stance. Dr. Nicki Lisa Cole is a sociologist. Here, I want to gather strands of the previous discussion. I am arguing that social work, because of its focus on marginalized people, is a concentrated site of social, political and cultural ambivalence and contradiction. As such, individuals bear the weight of individual responsibility for such histories and contexts, thus obscuring a greater range of accountability. We can raise questions about practices that may be outside such reproduction. Discourse refers to how we think and communicate about people, things, the social organization of society, and the relationships among and between all three. Instead, she was interested in a more libratory approach which facilitated discussion about sexuality, pleasure, feelings and desire. Contested territory: Sexualities and social work. Critical Social Work, 2(1). It was clear to me that the emotions described in these cases could only be exacerbated by introducing newer and improved practice theories, as if the proper application of such theories could have achieved different outcomes, thus alleviating individual failure. She remembered the case with a sense of failure, and her recounting of the case was marked by a kind of unexplained sorrow. Another example of a dominant discourse is the discourse around climate change. At no time did Ronni focus on getting her to stop.. ), Reading Foucault for social work (pp. Educators from oneTILT define social identity as having these three characteristics: Exists (or is consistently used) to bestow power, benefits, or disadvantage. Thus, I have found myself on the terrain of a kind of critical ethics that views practice theories as stories about the cultural ideals of practice, and that treats practitioners experiences as stories that can teach us about the conduct of practice in relation to such ideals. Relatively little published research explores issues pertaining to menstruation in school education. We administer welfare policies that cement poverty. Discourse theorists disagree on which parts of our world are real. I suggest that we gain new vantage points from which to reconstruct practice theory in ways that are more consciously oriented to our social justice commitments. ThoughtCo. Discourse Markers 'Discourse markers' is the term linguists give to the little words like 'well', 'oh', 'but', and 'and' that break our speech up into parts and show the relation between parts. In this case, those discourses were set up with the prevention and risk discourse as repressive and the validation of sexuality discourse as progressive and libratory for young women. An ideology is defined as a system of beliefs and values that not only seek to describe the world but also to transform it. She moved out on her own, successfully pursued advanced education and was on the verge of achieving professional accreditation at the time of Maxines contact with her. His theory of Discourse is grounded in social and cultural views of literacy. These students either had significant work experience, or experience in a previous practicum to draw from. Goodreads. which can be measured and known through research . In J. Fook (Ed. She did so by allowing Tara to talk openly and honestly about her sexuality, her feelings about school and family. These alternative viewpoints are important because discourses are structured through power relations so that the identification of what is outside prevailing stories may give us a better picture of how power operates. Crucially, it is underpinned by a critical . The biomedical discourse is one of the most influential discourses in the health care profession today (Healy, p. 20). Flax, J. The end of innocence. The biomedical discourse is one of the most influential discourses in the health care profession today (Healy, p. 20). In other words, they take different ontological stances.Extreme constructivists argue that all human knowledge and experience is socially constructed, and that there is no reality beyond discourse (Potter 1997).Critical realists, on the other hand, argue that there is a physical . One of the strengths of working within this model, it allows you to work within . Maxinestamp358@hotmail.com. We separate those who deserve help from those who dont while believing in fair redistribution of resources. Spivak, G. (1990). (1992). . In class, we worked to identify the existence of two, opposing discourses: one was the prevention and risk education approach of the school and the other was Ronnis libratory approach to girls and sexuality. In the book of abstracts, our abstract was 115 of 119. People are understood to be members of social groupsusually . Within this anti-immigrant discourse,illegals and immigrants are juxtaposed against citizens, each working to define the other through their opposition. Class, race, culture, history are excluded as the focus on the dyad is retained as an explanation for family breakdown. The purpose was to analyze how such discourses produced their conceptions of the cases and how they confined their thinking about the case. In other words, such a trajectory works to normalize a sequence of sexuality which ranges from the right time to the end-stage of heterosexual marriage. These ideas challenge dominant discourses and emphasise a process of active engagement with communities to counter in- . O'Brien, C.-A. Stamp, M. (2004). After all, says Stephen Brookfield, Experience can teach us habits of bigotry, stereotyping and disregard for significant but inconvenient information. Throughout our analyses, we worked to understand what views discourses permitted or inhibited. Helping people learn what they do: Breaking dependence on experts. Disrupting the Dominant Discourse: Rethinking. Discourse typically emerges out of social institutionslike media and politics (among others), and by virtue of giving structure and order to language and thought, it structures and orders our lives, relationships with others, and society. Ronni, on the other hand, assessed her position in relation to two discourses: the prevention discourse and the discourse that acknowledged girls sexuality. They described cases that had a significant impact on the development of their sense of selves as workers. While she understands that such an approach is constructed a fiction it is a construction she chooses to empower because it is grounded in her social justice aspirations. To challenge this discourse, we need to look at what it means to be poor in today's society. Discourse is not a neutral entity, but is the social construction of ideas based on culture, values and beliefs which are entrenched in practices such as ordinary narratives. These wordsreflect and reproduce very particular values, ideas, and beliefs about immigrants and U.S. citizensideas about rights, resources, and belonging. Biomedicine is a dominant and pervasive model in health care settings and there are strengths and limitations in working within the this discourse. Scott, J. Peer specialists with incarceration histories constructed new identities through their training and peer work by valuing experiential knowledge. Weinberg, L. (2004). Concepts like looting and rioting have been used in mainstream media coverage of the uprising that followed the police killings of Michael Brown and Freddie Gray. Discourse analysis accesses questions that help make social contradictions and ambivalence visible and it opens conceptual space regarding ones position within competing or dominant discourses. These theories contain values that are supposed to dovetail with practice. This vantage point opens opportunities for practice that work towards Ronnis social justice goals. She had two teen-aged daughters who had been left in the country of origin as very young children while Ms. M established herself in Canada. ), Feminists Theorize the Political (pp. Cole, Nicki Lisa, Ph.D. (2020, August 28). Teaching this class was a daunting prospect. These contradictions are at work inside our subjectivity every day it is not an exaggeration to say that our practice is at the mercy of contradictory forces. Elements of postmodern theory provided a way into the achievement of this necessary distance. A postmodern perspective, in Jan Fooks view (Fook, 1999), pays attention to the ways in which social relations and structures are constructed, particularly to the ways in which language, narrative, and discourses shape power relations and our understanding of them. Such interventions are aimed at delaying sexual activity until appropriate ages and also educating around the risks of sexuality. Underpinned by theories of social work . This paper concerns the relation between critical reflective practice and social workers lived experience of the complicated and contradictory world of practice. Ronnis anti-oppressive analysis focused on the disciplinary intent of social works history of excluding the existence of youth sexuality. Social Identities A social identity is both internally constructed and externally applied, occurring simultaneously. (1998). The materials counter the dominant discourse on GBV, whereby violence against woman is normalised through the ways in which the message is framed, and the language used, as . Dominant discourse is a way of speaking or behaving on any given topic it is the language and actions that appear most prevalently within a given society. A discourse analyst is then less interested in assessing the truth or falsity of the social reality as shaped by a particular discourse, than in the ways that people use language to construct their accounts of their social world. And into this breach enter social workers with our desire to make a difference, and our theories on how to do that. Historical trauma repeats itself in the small micro interactions of practice. We began to think about the history of forced separation and forced disruption of families beginning with the importation of African slaves to the Caribbean. 3, p. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 7(2), 23-41. Gadamer, H.-G. (1992). Most social workers take up the profession because of personal ideals. A historical perspective, unavailable in attachment discourses and child welfare practices, allowed new possibilities of an ethics of practice to emerge. Her agency had neither an analysis of the sensitivity of her position in relation to immigrant clients, nor the racist assumptions that grounded these case allocations. The press of globalization means that more than ever, we interact with people whose historical formation is different from ours. In J. Butler & J. Scott (Eds. Dominant is any Discourse that will help you in life, or acquire more "goods" (money, status, etc. Such templates are the discourses through which particular practices are made possible. With the achievement of this necessary distance Ronni was able to formulate new possibilities for practice. (2001). . Were asked to help but not make people dependent. The professional is political: An interpretation of the problem of the past in solution-focused therapy. Ronni believed that such discourses silenced and disciplined not only young women such as Tara, but all young womens diverse and fluid experiences of sexuality. Social workers were critiqued as being a part of the problem by choosing to emphasize casework as a model of practice, an approach . Ronni aligned herself politically with resistance to heterosexism and patriarchy. One of the advantages of identifying discourses-in-use in practice is that we gain access to how we are positioned within discourses. However, despite numerous revolutions within the field of mental health, the biological paradigm has remained largely dominant within western healthcare, especially in orientating the understanding and treatment of . Discourse transmits and produces power; it undermines and . There may be ethical dilemmas that need to be resolved via ethics codes and decision-making schema, but practitioners will follow the prescriptions of liberalism by making correct decisions, craftily implementing theory through the right interventions, and now, even overturning racism, classism and sexism in the process. When we look outside the boundaries of discourses, we may discover practice questions which help us reflect on power and possibility. Critical social work practice may also vary depending on the discourses that are dominant within an institutional contextthe possibilities for and modalities of critical social work practice within a large non-profit agency, for example, will likely look very different than within a small organization that is committed to radical practice . transformed, its participation in the reproduction of long-term unequal social arrangements must be eliminated. Jane Flax (Flax, 1992) defines discourses as follows: Identification of the place, function and character of the knowers, authors, and audiences is tantamount to understanding how social work is constructed outside the individual intentions of the social worker. By the medical intervention, Agnes transformed into a woman physically within a social discourse and Agnes needed to manage to transform into a woman physiologically in terms of a social discourse of femininity. She engaged in low level self-mutilation and in sexual activity. In social work, critical practice is crucial because social work is a nexus where social contradictions are manifest. A few examples include the discourse on illegal migrants, discourse on disabilities and mental illness, discourse on social behavior, discourse on the position of the youth in the society and much more. As a woman of colour from the Caribbean, Maxine shared experiences with other immigrant women of colour in Canada; shared a cultural heritage, and an insiders knowledge of the difficulties of negotiating these spaces. How did some discursive positions conflict with their own self-knowledge? This is because that insider knowledge is knowledge of historical trauma, injustice, racism and white privilege, and it is certainly outside the boundaries of attachment discourses. 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