This author "thus proposes a psychoanalytical model of dreaming, in which dreams constitute a way of representing the individual's inner world with internal objects related with one another and with the self" (135). Activity of the red nucleus during deep, desynchronized sleep in the unrestrained cat. Hernndez-Pen R, Ibarra GC, Morgane PJ, Timo-Iaria C. Limbic cholinergic pathways involved in sleep and emotional behavior. The other is that dreams are caused Brain Res 1990;517:224-8. Dreaming 1996;6:121-30. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1955:673-690. It has, however, been utilized with a great success in sleep studies. Would you like email updates of new search results? Spectrum, New york 1976:411-449. Brain Res 1970;19:263-75. Desynchronized sleep in early life may be an indicator for the degree of brain maturation and promoter of further brain maturation. The motor components are usually weak and poorly expressed movements during a dream, mainly if it occurs during desynchronized sleep; when a dream takes place during synchronized sleep phase I, near wakefulness, not only movements are more faithful to the dream content but also the latter is much more logic. 108. 69. Figure 6 shows an increase in heart rate from 150 bpm to 180 bpm (the latter is the normal heart rate during resting wakefulness in this species), coinciding with the peak of eye movements. The dream between neuroscience and psychoanalysis. ), Ermdung, Schlaf und Traum, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Sttutgart 1971:173-242. Those that are common to all behaviors (increase in heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to the nervous system and muscles, ventilation, pupil diameter and palmar and plantar electrical conductance) and are intended to increase the supply of blood, oxygen, glucose etc. Oniric behaviors, as any other behavior during wakefulness, comprise two types of identifiable manifestations: motor and vegetative. Recently a more acceptable evidence in favor of the consolidation hypothesis arises from the study of a gene involved in neuronal activation This gene protein, zif-268 (98), binds to a specific DNA molecule present in the promoters of a variety of genes expressed in the nervous system (99) and its up-regulation is thought to initiate a program of gene regulation leading to neuronal plasticity (100). Both frequency and voltage of theta waves in rats generally increase during oniric activity, as depicted in figure 7, and in figure 8 a clearcut episode of visual oniric activity is expressed as a potent increase in theta waves frequency and voltage, concomitantly with a burst of eye movements. 114. 63. Aserinsky E, Kleitman N. Regularly occurring periods of eye motility and concomitant phenomena during sleep. 98. 60. 67. Science 1978;201:269-72. The lag between tachycardia and eye movements may be related to all the neural processes that are involved in the phases preceding adn succeeding the oniric behavior, including the very identification of the dream content. These interneurons inhibit motoneurons by means of glycinergic synapses (glycine is a powerful inhibitory neurotransmitter), as shown by Soja et al. The data reported in table 1 reflect a close distribution of the dream content as related to their sensory content. 71. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. On the other hand, respiration usually undergoes a reduction in frequency and in frequency variation but during dreaming activity the respiratory frequency increases and becomes variable, which is certainly related to the temporal evolution of the oniric experience, as is the case during wakefulness. By recording potentials from large ensembles of rat hippocampal neurons related to the body position in space (place cells) during behavioral tasks, Wilson & McNaughton (87) found that neurons that fired together when the animals occupied particular locations in the environment (hence the name place cells) also exhibited an increased tendency to fire together during subsequent sleep, in comparison to sleep episodes preceding the behavioral tasks. Moruzzi G. Sleep and instinctive behavior. Those that are specific to certain behaviors. Visual dreams provoke eye movements. According to Mancia (1995), the brain "produces dreams" as "a symbolic process of elaborating, interpreting and reorganizing in narrative sequences all the material accumulated in the memory during waking hours". Rothschuch KR. Perspective of Motor Behavior and its Neural Basis. Nature, 2002, submitted. 66. 101. Role of pontine tegmentum for locomotor control in mesencephalic cat. Interestingly enough, if body temperature in cats subjected to pontomesencephalic transection is lowered, the amount of desynchronized sleep increases. 2020 Nov 12;11:565694. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.565694. The meaning of dreams. Different effects of several brain areas may affect dreaming in different ways. Mancia M. One possible function of sleep: to produce dreams. During dreaming, however, it is well known that both heart rate and blood pressure undergo short duration increases (as related to the decreased values), which are most likely linked to the oniric behavior. J Biol Chem 1995;270:24361-9. Vertes & Eastman (2000), for instance, believe that the stressful conditions in experiments intended to demonstrate a role of desynchronized sleep and dreaming in consolidation of memory spoil the results (88). Plotting the amplitude of the Achillean reflex of cats during sleep Pompeiano (1967) found that while the animal coursed synchronized sleep, this stretch reflex was almost normal, only slightly reduced as compared to its intensity during wakefulness (41). 112. 120. The motoneuron inhibition, responsible for the sleep atonia and abolition of movements, is not complete in infancy (figure 5). 73. With the development of scientific technology, many theories of dreaming have been established. Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) burst neurons: correlative evidence for neuronal generators of PGO waves. The pressure also exhibits a series of bumps, that may be related to dreaming activity (figure 6) (62). Front Neurol. (eds.) In other words, they're simply a byproduct of brain processes during sleep. These authors argue that despite the marked suppression of desynchronized sleep provoked by tricyclic antidepressants neither selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors and mono-amino-oxydase nor learning and memory are disrupted. 53. Acta Med Iug 1978;32:45-50. Desynchronization is the rule, during this phase, in all cortical electro-oscillograms in humans and other primates. 5. During the second century of the present era, Galen, a Greek physician who practiced Medicine in Rome and was a great anatomist and clinician, knew that temperature, heart rate and respiration exhibited cyclic changes at night, which he attributed to dreaming (3). A comparison of presleep and REM sleep thematic content. 123. When any part of the brain programs a behavior it sends the program to the cerebellum. Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. Brain Develop 1994;16:81-91. Many hypotheses have been advanced but so far they do not explain why and what for we do dream. Am J Physiol 1937;118:8-14. 51. Jouvet (12,119), one of the most important researchers on sleep, suggests that dreaming is "a guardian and programmer of the hereditary part of our personality" and as such it plays a role in our general behavior. ), Ermdung, Schlaf un Traum, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Sttutgart 1971:123-172. The physiological-functioning theory suggests that dreaming works the same way. In addition, blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery decreases during synchronized sleep whereas in desynchronized sleep it is similar to that occurring in waking (133). Desseilles M, Dang-Vu TT, Sterpenich V, Schwartz S. Conscious Cogn. Ribeiro S, Goyal V, Mello CV, Pavlides C. Brain gene expression during REM sleep depends on prior waking experience. Fos-like immunoreactivity was also found in association with cholinergically induced REM sleep (107,108). However, during desynchronized sleep it was drastically reduced, being entirely inhibited for most of the time. Brain Mechanism and Perceptual Awareness. Despite the fact that many studies have found that mental activity during wakefulness differs from that during dreaming, the mechanisms involved in both may differ as to the degree of control over the release and combination of memorized information in wakefulness and in desynchronized sleep. For instance, zif-268 has been shown to induce the expression of a synapse-specific protein, synapsin II (101), and has been linked to the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation (102,103) and other plasticity phenomena. Brain Res 1996;770:192-201. In nocturnal macrosmatic animals, olfaction is the predominant sensory channel and their vibrissae are usually very long, to detect the presence of objects at relatively large distances. In rats we found similar potentials in the amygdala as related to olfactory dreams, expressed as rostrum movements (32). Some more recent theories of dreaming emphasize an adaptive function related to emotion and a role in learning and memory consolidation. Psychosomat Med 1975;37:147-59. Krueger JM, Obl F. A neuronal group theory of sleep function. 77. Some authors have not been able to find changes in heart rate and respiration during desynchronized sleep (61) but there are striking demonstrations that blood pressure is reduced (figure 6), attaining values as low as 60 mmHg of systolic pressure; heart rate is also reduced and ventilation decreases (38,62). In humans it has been shown that not only EEG desynchronization but also increase in vegetative functions, such as heart rate and ventilation (27), accompany mental activity. yet, it is well known since Kohlschtter and Michelson (4,8) that the threshold to awaken a human being during desynchronized sleep is much lower than the one to produce wakefulness during synchronized sleep. At the age between 7 and 9 years Foulkes' subjects produced much more consistent narrations of the dream content, as should be expected (24). Lovblad KO, Thomas R, Jakod PM, Scammel T, Bassetti C, Griswold M, et al. Neuroscience 1997;81:893-926. Rerum Natura, I et II. Although related to the information fluxogram displayed in figure 2 of the present review, Hernandez-Pon's process involves the function of participating in "adaptive waking behavior", which does not seem to have a real meaning (136). 127. Heiss W-D, Pawlik G, Herholz K, Wagner R, Weinhard K. Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in man during wakefulness, sleep, and dreaming. Unfortunately, despite the opinion of great scientists of the past, most researchers that deal with sleep and dreaming, probably moved by philosophical, religious prejudice and a faulty reasoning, do not accept the idea that non-human animals do dream. Maquet et al. 28. Energy conservation theory posits that the main function of sleep is to reduce a person's energy demand during part of the day and night when it is least efficient to hunt for food. In Greece dreams were called oneiros, a word that originated the adjective oniric but that meant not exactly what was dreamed about neither the dreaming process, which was not rated as something important, but the phantasmata, i.e. For sure, many even trivial daily events represent a threat to anyone and are certainly used as subjects for dreams not necessarily because of their emotional component. Moruzzi G. The sleep-wakefulness cycle. The .gov means its official. He properly related such dreams to his concern with that important war. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:877-901. Narcolepsy. It has been proposed (120,123,124) that presleep mentation is infrequently incorporated in top dreams and that "naturalistic" day time events rarely enter dream content, but several authors correlated dream content to the previous day events, starting with Aristotle 2,400 years ago and with Calkins in 1893. 55. Foulkes D. A cognitive-psychological model of REM dream production. Oswald I. 1996 Sep 12;383(6596):163-6. doi: 10.1038/383163a0. In this review, the neural circuits underlying dreaming and the physiological functions associated with it are summarized. Reticulospinal and reticulobulbar tracts are involved in conveying to the motoneurons the impulses that cause oniric movements. We suppose, instead, inasmuch as dreams are forgotten if we are not aroused while dreaming or within ten to fifteen minutes immediately after the dream has ceased, that it may well be that dreams are forgotten because the reticular activating system is highly deactivated during desynchronized sleep and thus the memory of the dreams cannot be consolidated (110). Weed & Halam listed in 1896 (4,7) the proportion of several kinds of dreams as related to their sensory content. Grimm R, Tischmeyer W. Complex patterns of immediate gene induction in rat brain following brightness discrimination training and pseudotraining. Descending projections from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to the paramedian reticular nucleus of the caudal medulla in the cat. Several theories claim that dreaming is a random by-product of REM sleep physiology and that it does not serve any natural function. Roussy F, Camirand C, Foulkes D, De Koninck J, Loftis M, Kerr NH. 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