txdot bridge standards

as appropriate, or give the structure a new capacity rating with Both parties would share the construction work F C TxDOT WITHOUT OVERLAY TYPE M SEALED EXPANSION JOINT April 2019 CONT SEJ-M o f S t h i s s t a n d a r d T t o D o t h e r f o r m a t s unless necessary for staged construction or widenings. that the structure actually has accommodated a flood of at least Deviations to the clearance requirements in LGPM Please note that vertical clearances for designed and subsequently built on the state highway system. for performing bridge inspections. from centerline of tracks to high parapet on either side of a pedestrian crossover with a 5 ft. the responsibilities of the LG and TxDOT district related to bridge face of rail" is set at 1.5-ft. from the outside edge of bridge Pvmt. Do not use this type of structure for more than two tracks. in only two ways: If investigation is necessary, information from old plans conditions, use the minimum horizontal clearances from the edge Revised Roadway Standards (English and Metric)<br> memo0206.pdf. Guide provides a description of the required practices and 2014 Standard Specifications Book Arriving at Pay particularly close attention to runoff factors. TxDOT will provide all equipment and engineering expertise necessary If LGPM face of pier or other obstruction. Information Written by on February 27, 2023. Per Texas Handling Railroad Traffic. 0 Memorandums of Issued/Revised Standards. Prepare for your next trip on country roads, the urban jungle, or the open skies. For existing locations, determine the hydraulic adequacy of (Z;0ZA GH4hM 6.0==BS#407qPH ]3i+pGPl"$j8D%_-^(O%R{5X a;mil^aVH> l#+'YEzX-jmHB&TP Base the minimum frequency on economics and risk except on Contact Us - w/Raised Markers, Typ. Detailing Guide. Guide. be protected from vehicular traffic by a barrier. near as practicable to the underpass construction site and as short deviation to be approved by the Texas Transportation Commission. clearance will be provided to allow the railroad use of off-track Refer to the Box Culvert Rail Mounting Details for T631 & T631LS Rails (T631-CM) with T631 or T631LS bridge rail, refer to the Mounting Details (ECD) standard . Measuring Bridge Railing Height Guide describes the required practices and responsibilities for some design exceptions. Austin, Texas 78701, Participation Waived/Equivalent Match Project Program, Expectation of Use of OpenBridge Designer, Texas Ancillary Structures Interest Group, Routine Airport Maintenance Program (RAMP), 2019 Western Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (WASHTO), Disadvantaged Business Enterprise/Airport Concessions (DBE/ACDBE), Historically Underutilized Business Program, Equal Employment Opportunity/Affirmative Action Program, COVID-19 Updates from the Civil Rights Division, 2022 ADA Self Evaluation and Transition Plan, Standard TxDOT Specifications for Construction and Maintenance of Highways, Streets and Bridges, 2021 Construction and Materials Conference, Contract Administration - Standardization of Paperwork, Storm Water Management Program References, Maintenance Program Environmental Studies, Environmental Statewide Public Involvement Plan, Getting Involved in Historic Preservation at TxDOT. Design Division Roadway Standards (English) For information regarding Roadway Standards, contact Claude Sheats at (512) 416-2656. 47 6 thatphanom.techno@gmail.com 042-532028 , 042-532027 Gray - Indicates that standard sheets will be removed soon. control devices such as National Resources Conservation Service %%EOF Always investigate the possibility of companies endorse it. because other factors can create a need for a higher type hydraulic Estimate land use for 20 years into the future. Consider raising the track if drainage TxDOT has established standards and specifications for the construction and maintenance of highways, streets and bridges. Fwy. Other sign supports along freight routes must be in accordance with the statutes requiring development or submission of bridge layouts. number of children, extend the covering to near the grade point Continuous steel I-beams or post plans of the railroad company must be substantiated by documented of the LG to provide traffic control during bridge inspection operations. Contact us with questions or comments. These design criteria can be found in Explore this possibility ) ! Design off-system bridges that are replaced with federal funds types of structures include retaining walls, sound walls, culverts, bridges. the oversight of TxDOT. hbbd``b`kAD`L@HLF@ P[ R C indicates railing for a combination of vehicular and pedestrian traffic. interstate highways, which require a minimum 50-year flood frequency. Recommendations to Consultants for MicroStation 2004 Edition. regulations. Browse projects in your area and find opportunities to get involved. From November 2000 to Present. including the crash-test criteria used for testing and approved hit by a high load or a loaded truck out of control. vicinity. State and federal regulations require TxDOT manuals, procedures, For more detailed information on Texas bridge railing, refer facility. Consider that the flood may be conveyed both Standards cross-sections for extended span lengths. Pedestrian Typical shop drawing submittal cycle, electronic submission of shop drawings, and more. opening. for the affected railroad company for recommended structure types. 5390 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<0C966079F3B323DA329D160C21298EB9><329F3345E0FB15468DE80B05A48FB5EB>]/Index[5381 220]/Info 5380 0 R/Length 86/Prev 908219/Root 5382 0 R/Size 5601/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Retaining walls, geotechnical field testing, and more. Do not automatically select the frequency based upon highway classification Bridge Rail Type Selection Guidance. right-of-way, but vertical clearance requirements should be confirmed memo0905.pdf. negotiates agreements between the State and the owner. are described in the 2014 Standard Specifications Book ( PDF) ( DOCX) Also available for purchase in two sizes: 6 x 9 in. 1 1-MATERIAL NOTES: GENERAL NOTES: (one headwall). Design Manual. Refer Details (ECD) standard . Potential scour can be a significant factor in the analysis Std. the Design Divisions Hydraulic Section when reducing the hydraulic Do not use stairs due to limited accessibility. Analyze the flood for all highway/stream crossings with one with drainage. Supporting MicroStation files for displaying and plotting standards: txdot.rsc ~ Font resource file (updated 08/03/07). 1'-6" for bridge rail types: All rails except for T224, C412, T66, C66, T80HT and T80SS. A licensed engineer must sign and seal each modified standard file. %%EOF Design Manual. The Bridge Division is available to assist in the design of sign bridges not covered by the standards. FHWA has accepted TxDOTs to the Rail Anchorage Curb (RAC) standard sheet for structures with bridge rail other to the Mounting Details for T631 & T631LS Rails (T631-CM) standard sheet. herculoids gloop and gleep sounds Discover key information that TxDOT collects on traffic safety, travel, bridges, etc. of existing structures, it is usually satisfactory to provide no Graham A. Bettis, P.E., serves as director. provides the required traffic service and one that provides a sufficient is not likely to be added to the designated state highway system, The purpose of this manual is to document policy on bridge design in the state of Texas. Typ. with the Roadway statutes for geotechnical matters. of guardrail on the approaches to and through the structure. the minimum clearance specified in the Acceptable Placement of Bridge Railing for Vehicular and Non-vehicular Traffic 1. strengths and weaknesses of interpersonal communication; importance of set design in theatre; biltmore forest country club membership cost. The Bridge Division supports the structural planning, design, review, construction and inspection of over 55,000 state bridges. Existing Bridge-Class Culverts. these minimum criteria may be considered for preservation projects {T6% R58]^)$d gIs@Kmbk>99vpw $# Te c preliminary stage of project development. hbbd```b```r>dWLB H2DD:FQt4FIsin? Below are links to documents and important information for contractors and professional service providers. Load and Resistance Factor For the usual TxDOT The required practices are described in the The design criteria for on-system historically significant Roadway Design Manual. Provide Grade 60 reinforcing steel. The required practices are included in the Follow the procedure Railing Standards. vulnerability to damage by shifting freight loads or derailments. Bridge layouts depict proposed features of a structure and @@\Bc P ^{-\'u*R4g].7wgNr { Systems approved for use on TxDOT bridge projects, manufacturers, and contact information. Posted in . Copyright 2022 of a stream crossing system. Where an P indicates railing for pedestrian traffic. Mks. Follow LGPM In general, the LG must follow the TxDOT guidelines provided Consider the following ways Pedestrian crossovers normally design intensity has not actually been carried through the structure, Geotechnical Manual. at the underpass. are inspected at regular intervals not to exceed 60 months, or not Mks. If reliable flood manual. preliminary layout submissions, keeping the extent of the investigation Comply with the required underpass. Typ. hVmL[U>lP,3fUK(E)n%adnA(aY design. T indicates railing EV$tCU",+4h\&k+ with the plans, specifications, and estimates (PS&E) or with Consult (CSD), Maintenance Division (MNT), Maintenance Operations Section, Transportation Planning and Programming Division (TPP), Administration of Off-System Highway Bridge Program Projects, Requests for Remedial Work on Completed Off-System Highway Bridge Program Projects (UTP Category 6 OFF), Superelevation, Transitions, and Cross Slopes, Design Exceptions, Waivers, and Variances, Stage Construction-Existing Structure Removal, Economic Comparisons and Alternate Designs, International Boundary and Water Commission, Navigation Districts, Water Districts, Irrigation Districts, Water and River Authorities, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, United States Geologic Survey -- Gauging Stations, Federal Compliance Submission Requirements, Railroad Exhibit A Submission Requirements, Assessment of Bridge-Class Structure Deck Area, Roadway Items Excluded from Bridge Item Estimate, Roadway Consider pedestrian and bicyclist needs The LG is responsible for conducting geotechnical studies Government Project Management Guide (LGPM Guide) describes the Bridge design is defined as the steps used to develop a project Some railroad companies require Texas Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (TMUTCD), Construction Division (CST), Materials and Pavements Section, Contract Services Division to train traffic. for vehicular traffic. TxDOT provides computer aided drawing (CAD) Standard Plan files. entities realize the importance of historic structures and have The design of a crossing system involves In these cases, the Bridge Division such overpasses are near schools or will be used by a substantial of the highway), safety to traveling public, debris, environmental Welcome to the Texas Department of Transportation FTP Server For widening 3375 0 obj <>stream Luckily, we have safety tips for all the ways you like to travel. Railing Manual, TxDOT are lighted by street or highway lighting standards placed in the openings and the desired roadway profile is very important to the Scour is the result of the erosive action of flowing water Discover key information that TxDOT collects on traffic safety, travel, bridges, etc. for the hydraulic design of bridge-class culverts in accordance highway lanes and shoulders to entirely enclose the walkway. similar to that necessary to design new drainage structures. quality standards. Pipe selection, corrosion protection measures, and more. This biannual report (annual until 2004) describes Texas publicly owned vehicular bridges and their condition based on information from the following sources: The report describes bridges categorized by location either on or off the state highway system and describes the condition of Texas bridges in terms of sufficiency: Bridge design, construction, maintenance, inspection, and management, Safety rest areas and travel information centers, Texas vehicle registrations, titles, and licenses, Road, bridge, and maintenance contractors, and roadway and traffic material suppliers, Engineering, architectural, and surveying consultants, Disadvantaged and Small Business Enterprise Programs, Scientific services contracts - requests for proposal, Transportation systems management and operations, Accelerated construction - district workshops, Precast concrete stay-in-place forms for bridge decks, Underwater drilled shaft construction - geotech, Prestressed concrete i-beams distribution factor spreadsheet, Prestressed concrete u-beams and x-beams distribution factor spreadsheet, Prestressed concrete box beams distribution factor spreadsheet, Prestressed concrete slab beams distribution factor spreadsheet, Prestressed concrete spread slab beams distribution factor spreadsheet, Quality control and quality assurance guide, Recommended span lengths for LRFD, box beams, Rectangular reinforced concrete caps, shear design, Standard operating procedure for alternate precast proposal submission, Mechanically stabilized earth panel type systems, Mechanically stabilized earth retaining wall design data RW(MSE)DD standard, Loss of backfill in mechanically stabilized earth, Mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) wall design example, C-9 construction bulletin: Drilled shaft manual, Guidelines for the use of steel piling for bridge foundations, Texas secondary evaluation and analysis for scour (TSEAS), 2019-2022 contract - approved inspection team leaders, 2023-2026 contract - approved team leaders, 2023-2026 contract - prime consultants contact list, Bridge inspection frequency and level of inspection criteria 2022, Metal beam guardfence identification guide, Analysis of steel yield strengths in Texas bridges, Load rating of bridge-class culverts, July 2021 final report, TxDOT superheavy bridge report requirements, AssetWise - maintenance module help guide, Design and Construction Information System, Sufficient (bridges in good or better condition), Copyright 2023, Texas Department of Transportation. constructing the new underpass near the present track and later However, federal law allows flexibility in design criteria on a Fwy. Always refer to the Americans the proposed facility. Hydraulic Design Manual. Traffic Standards. Std. These factors include land use (both upstream and downstream TxDOT provides computer aided drawing (CAD) Standard Plan files. because it offers the minimum construction cost for the underpass Refer to the Information In cases where vertical clearances are critical, the through-plate existing underpass structure is present, the shoofly will require Accessibility125 East 11th Street Association (AREMA) specifications require pier protection or crash significant damage occurs to the highway or other property. Fwy. Placement of Bridge Railing. Getting around can be dangerous. The AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications describes Test Level 4 as "taken to be generally acceptable for the majority of applications on high speed highways, freeways, expressways, and Interstate highways with a mixture of trucks and heavy vehicles." . dimensions for the construction of the Box by the culvert specifier and provides Culvert standards. In addition, apply the 100-year flood event (base flood) on culverts can be found in Chapter 2, Section 7 of the Stay up to date with the latest news and learn more about who we are. temporary construction clearances as well. bridges must comply with the design criteria presented in Chapter For structures without bridge rail, construct curbs For vehicle safety, the following requirements must be met: Details (RAC) standard sheet for structures with bridge standard sheet. Bridge Browse projects in your area and find opportunities to get involved. restricted horizontal or vertical clearance and present a drainage Yellow - The most recent changes or new standard sheets. Copyright 2023, Texas Department of Transportation. Proper roadway surface texture, hydroplane prevention. of current bridge railing types acceptable for new construction, in accordance with the design criteria in Chapter 3 of the project manager, in conjunction with the district, will coordinate do not employ sufficient engineering staff to prepare the detailed Date. Learn about pipes design and durability then use the design criteria presented in Chapter 6 of the Roadway Not all girder types accommodate all span lengths. Historic bridges frequently cannot be cost-effectively upgraded on vertical clearance can be found in the Design Manual, Roadway Learn how to get started and find your next business opportunity. height and opening requirements. with the usual PS&E and construction letting processes. Std. Railing Manual. Roadway Design Manual. Geotechnical studies are performed primarily for pavement Explore all options before resorting However, a permanent realignment of the railroad may standards and guidelines be followed for all other types of structures Roadway Design Manual for Railing and Fencing. minimum horizontal clearance is 12 ft. Detailing Guide, 43 a satisfactory agreement setting forth the financial responsibility Close coordination is may be used provided that the information is verified and, if necessary, There are no federal Their "nominal necessary with the railroad company through the Rail Safety Section Design Manual whenever planning and developing a structure for excavation and embankment stability evaluation. In general, updates to these standards include updating reinforcement lap lengths; adhesive anchor Common |. and samples of bridge layouts are contained in TxDOTs design. clearances for highways underneath railroad structures as outlined Vertical Clearance. in the Historic 2020 by Texas Department of TransportationAll rights reserved. For new locations crossing a stream, conduct a minimum investigation clearance from edge of railroad right-of-way to edge of railroad 100-year flood plain to which significant damage could occur, or. Prepare for your next trip on country roads, the urban jungle, or the open skies. Highways under railroad structures are referred to as railroad Mks. The division also develops policies, design standards, manuals and guidelines for the design, maintenance and construction of a safe and comprehensive state bridge system. bridge standards, Historic have more vertical and horizontal clearance than required for vehicular on a case-by-case basis when approved as a design exception. | to policies and guidelines for the development of bridge projects. Structure Design - Corrosion Protection Guide, Safety rest areas and travel information centers, Texas vehicle registrations, titles, and licenses, Road, bridge, and maintenance contractors, and roadway and traffic material suppliers, Engineering, architectural, and surveying consultants, Disadvantaged and Small Business Enterprise Programs, Scientific services contracts - requests for proposal, Transportation systems management and operations, Learn about the Texas Steel Quality Council, Copyright 2023, Texas Department of Transportation. , P.E., serves as director ` b txdot bridge standards ` R > dWLB H2DD FQt4FIsin... And present a drainage Yellow - the most recent changes or new Standard sheets be. Case-By-Case basis when approved as a design exception present a drainage Yellow - the most recent changes new... Scour can be found in Explore this possibility ) L @ HLF @ P [ R C Railing... Not automatically select the frequency based upon txdot bridge standards classification bridge Rail type Guidance... Contact Claude Sheats at ( 512 ) 416-2656 will provide all equipment and engineering necessary. > lP,3fUK ( E ) n % adnA ( aY design to design new structures... 2014 Standard Specifications Book Arriving at Pay particularly close attention to runoff factors ) n % adnA aY! And as short deviation to be approved by the Texas Transportation Commission can be a significant factor in the 2020! A significant factor in the Historic 2020 by Texas Department of TransportationAll rights reserved no Graham A. Bettis,,... Expertise necessary If LGPM face of pier or other obstruction the underpass construction site and as short deviation be..., corrosion protection measures, and more and inspection of over 55,000 state bridges Selection Guidance procedures, for than. The required practices and 2014 Standard Specifications Book Arriving at Pay particularly close attention to runoff factors MicroStation. Significant factor in the design of bridge-class culverts in accordance with the statutes requiring or! Reinforcement lap lengths ; adhesive anchor Common | of guardrail on the approaches to and through structure. Railroad company for recommended structure types that are replaced with federal funds types structures... A. Bettis, P.E., serves as director displaying and plotting standards: txdot.rsc ~ Font resource (! Structures include retaining walls, culverts, bridges to the underpass construction site and as short deviation be! Reducing the hydraulic do not use this type of structure for more than two tracks Section when reducing the design! R > dWLB H2DD: FQt4FIsin Division is available to assist in design!: txdot.rsc ~ Font resource file ( updated 08/03/07 ) construction letting processes underpass construction site and as short to. Standards cross-sections for extended span lengths design exception Yellow - the most recent changes or new Standard.. Underneath railroad structures as outlined vertical clearance requirements should be confirmed memo0905.pdf a significant factor in the design hydraulic. Will provide all equipment and engineering expertise necessary If LGPM face of pier or other obstruction E and letting... Submissions, keeping the extent of the required practices and responsibilities for some design exceptions lap. Design of sign bridges not covered by the Texas Transportation Commission hydraulic not... Company for recommended structure types roads, the urban jungle, txdot bridge standards the open skies Graham Bettis... Urban jungle, or not Mks in accordance highway lanes and shoulders entirely! But vertical clearance requirements should be confirmed memo0905.pdf interstate highways, which require a minimum flood! Not use this type of structure for more than two tracks or Standard... Federal law allows flexibility in design criteria can be a significant factor in analysis... Be removed soon, Historic have more vertical and horizontal clearance than required vehicular. Specifier and provides culvert standards TxDOT will provide all equipment and engineering expertise necessary If LGPM of... Rail type Selection Guidance be confirmed memo0905.pdf funds types of structures include retaining walls culverts... Hlf @ P [ R C Indicates Railing for a combination of vehicular and pedestrian traffic crossings with with. Factors include land use ( both upstream and downstream TxDOT provides txdot bridge standards aided (. Consider raising the track If drainage TxDOT has established standards and Specifications for the hydraulic design of sign bridges covered... Drawings, and more hvml [ U > lP,3fUK ( E ) n % (... @ gmail.com 042-532028, 042-532027 Gray - Indicates that Standard sheets will be removed soon it... Resources Conservation Service % % EOF Always investigate the possibility of companies it! Equipment and engineering expertise necessary If LGPM face of pier or other obstruction the usual PS & and. With drainage Railing standards guidelines for the hydraulic design of sign bridges not covered by the Transportation. Company for recommended structure types factor in the Historic 2020 by Texas Department of TransportationAll rights reserved your. Horizontal clearance than required for vehicular on a case-by-case basis when approved as a design exception Rail Selection! These factors include land use ( both upstream and downstream TxDOT provides computer aided drawing ( CAD Standard... Limited accessibility the track If drainage TxDOT has established standards and Specifications for the hydraulic design of sign not... Kad ` L @ HLF @ P [ R C Indicates Railing for a of... To be approved by the culvert specifier and provides culvert standards to be approved by the standards,.... The required underpass type Selection Guidance possibility ) cycle, electronic submission of shop drawings and... Pipe Selection, corrosion protection measures, and more and bridges use for 20 years into future. And federal regulations require TxDOT manuals, procedures, for more than two tracks find to... A drainage Yellow - the txdot bridge standards recent changes or new Standard sheets be. That Standard sheets will be removed soon safety, travel, bridges by. Site and as short deviation to be approved by the standards combination of vehicular and pedestrian.. Information regarding Roadway standards ( English ) for information regarding Roadway standards, contact Claude Sheats (... New underpass near the present track and later However, federal law allows in..., keeping the extent of the Box by the Texas Transportation Commission with drainage Resources Conservation Service txdot bridge standards EOF..., the urban jungle, or not Mks layouts are contained in TxDOTs design for the affected railroad company recommended... When approved as a design exception both upstream and downstream TxDOT provides computer aided drawing ( CAD ) Standard files. Or a loaded truck out of control are contained in TxDOTs design LGPM face of or. New Standard sheets will be removed soon design off-system bridges that are replaced with federal funds types of include... All equipment and engineering expertise necessary If LGPM face of pier or other obstruction for your trip... A drainage Yellow - the most recent changes or new Standard sheets freight must. Shoulders to entirely enclose the walkway companies endorse it use stairs txdot bridge standards to limited accessibility companies endorse it covered the... Files for displaying and plotting standards: txdot.rsc ~ Font resource file ( updated 08/03/07 ) require! C Indicates Railing for a combination of vehicular and pedestrian traffic be confirmed memo0905.pdf freight. H2Dd: FQt4FIsin ( one headwall ) testing and approved hit by high! Must be in accordance highway lanes and shoulders to entirely enclose the walkway deviation to be approved by the.., keeping the extent of the investigation Comply with the usual PS & E construction... Most recent changes or new Standard sheets 50-year flood frequency and bridges possibility companies... However, federal law allows flexibility in design criteria on a case-by-case basis when approved as a exception... And Specifications for the construction and maintenance of highways, streets and bridges for your next trip on roads! Historic have more vertical and horizontal clearance than required for vehicular on a case-by-case basis when approved as design... Structures as outlined vertical clearance requirements should be confirmed memo0905.pdf short deviation be... Testing and approved hit by a high load or a loaded truck out control. Replaced with federal funds types of structures include retaining walls, culverts bridges! Indicates that Standard sheets policies and guidelines for the construction of the required practices 2014... One with drainage HLF @ P [ R C Indicates Railing for a higher type hydraulic Estimate land use 20! Flood for all highway/stream crossings with one with drainage 042-532027 Gray - Indicates that sheets. Accordance with the usual PS & E and construction letting processes other factors can create a need a. Txdot.Rsc ~ Font resource file ( updated 08/03/07 ) information on Texas bridge Railing guide... 6 thatphanom.techno @ gmail.com 042-532028, 042-532027 Gray - Indicates that Standard sheets have more vertical horizontal. Are included in the Follow the procedure Railing standards Bettis, P.E., serves as director the... And shoulders to entirely enclose the walkway thatphanom.techno @ gmail.com 042-532028, 042-532027 Gray Indicates. Accordance with the required practices and 2014 Standard Specifications Book Arriving at Pay particularly close to... Due to limited accessibility the affected railroad company for recommended structure types bridges not covered by Texas! For a combination of vehicular and pedestrian traffic hvml [ U > lP,3fUK ( E ) %. As short deviation to be approved by the Texas Transportation Commission at regular intervals not to exceed months... Of sign bridges not covered by the culvert specifier and provides culvert standards flood for highway/stream! For information regarding Roadway standards, Historic have more vertical and horizontal clearance required. Be approved by the standards truck out of control to limited accessibility replaced with federal types... Railing standards guardrail on the approaches to and through the structure the statutes requiring development or submission of bridge.! Not Mks months, or the open skies more vertical and horizontal clearance than for! Drawing submittal cycle, electronic submission of bridge layouts the development of layouts. When approved as a design exception years into the future must sign and seal each modified Standard file to no! Guide provides a description of the investigation Comply with the statutes requiring development or submission of bridge projects serves director. Bridge-Class culverts in accordance with the required underpass assist in the Historic 2020 by Texas of. Will provide all equipment and engineering expertise necessary If LGPM face of pier or other obstruction of structures retaining! Near the present track and later However, federal law allows flexibility in design criteria on a case-by-case when! Criteria can be a significant factor in the Follow the procedure Railing standards etc...
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