was appeasement the right policy for england in 1938?

As a result of the annexation of the Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia lost 800,000 citizens, much of its industry and its mountain defences in the west. 1. It was influential and widely read. Unfortunately, none of that actually happened, and because of England's appeasement, Germany had the freedom to increase its territory and allies and snake its way into Poland, forcing WWII to begin. Although they did not prevent World War II, there is no way of knowing that the war would not have happened. [64] For the few journalists who were asking challenging questions about appeasement, primarily members of the foreign press, Chamberlain often froze them out or intimidated them. By showing that appeasement was a popular policy and that there was a continuity in British foreign policy after 1933, he shattered the common view of the appeasers as a small degenerate clique that had mysteriously hijacked the British government sometime in the 1930s that had carried out their policies in the face of massive public resistance. France was anxious to placate Mussolini to keep him away from an alliance with Germany. He expressed his contempt for them in a speech that he delivered to his Commanders in Chief: "Our enemies have leaders who are below the average. Britain's establishment coalesced around appeasement and bared its teeth at those who dared to oppose it". This policy was supposed to prevent war from happening, but war happened anyways. Frank McDonough is a leading proponent of that view of appeasement, which was described his book Neville Chamberlain, Appeasement and the British Road to War[81] as a "post revisionist" study. answered Essential Question: Was appeasement the right policy for England in 1938? Appeasement was the right policy for Britain in 1938 as it bought the British time to build up its industrial capabilities and also to prepare the economy for war. [22] British leaders committed to the Munich Agreement in spite of their awareness of Hitler's vulnerability at the time. Germany for this case was seen as an ally. [9] As Chamberlain left for Munich in 1938, the whole House of Commons cheered him noisily. Even if they somehow manage to go to war with their sheer lack of resources, the low morale will be detrimental to their campaign. But surely the public would not agree? Without appeasement, Germany would have been able to start a war, leaving Britain to be defenseless. To Chamberlain, who came into office in 1937, appeasement meant maintaining European international stability by means of redressing the grievances of those states that could challenge that stability. Guy La Chambre, the civilian air minister, optimistically informed the government that the air force could stop the Luftwaffe. However, the press leaked the content of the discussions, and a public outcry forced Hoare and Laval to resign. "[75], Churchill's book The Gathering Storm, published in 1948, made a similar judgment to Guilty Men though in moderate tones. The UK government had no choice but to offer appeasement in 1938 because its Armed Forces were so small there was nothing that they could do against Germany who had been preparing for war since 1933. It was a disaster. "Appeasement" had been a respectable term between 1919 and 1937 to signify the pursuit of peace. If they had been more aggressive, the war would have begun before Britain was even close to having a good defence to stop anyone from invading them.Also, at that point of time, Britain was trying their best to avoid a second world war altogether This would easily have led to the fall of Britain, and in the process, demolish all possibilities of not having a second world war. Britain in the 1930s was struggling with the impact of the Depression, and so the country could not afford another war and heavy rearmament. Many people praise the appeasement; they say that it was all part of Chamberlain's grand scheme to buy. [7] Some historians, such as David Thomson, assert that the League's "inactivity and ineffectualness in the Far East lent every encouragement to European aggressors who planned similar acts of defiance".[8]. Later in the day, Hitler resiled by saying that he was willing to accept the cession of the Sudetenland by 1 October. Even though not substantial, the small increments helped the British war effort in a significant way as the government had more resources at their disposal. Why did Britain and France adopt a policy of appeasement? The policy appeared to be ineffectual when confronted by the aggression of dictators, notably Germany's Remilitarization of the Rhineland and Italy's Benito Mussolini's invasion of Abyssinia. [9] In Parliament, the Labour Party opposed the agreement. In January 1938, the Austrian Nazis attempted a putsch following which some were imprisoned. In December 1934, there was a clash between Royal Italian Army and Imperial Ethiopian Army troops at Walwal, near the border between British and Italian Somaliland, in which Italian troops took possession of the disputed territory, and about 150 Abyssinians and 50 Italians were killed. Read through the following documents and answer the analysis questions on the right. On 11 March, Hitler sent an ultimatum to Schuschnigg that demanded him to hand over all power to the Austrian Nazis or face an invasion. Scott Ramsay (2019) instead argues that Britain demonstrated "benevolent neutrality" and was simply hedging its bets by avoiding the favouring of one side or the other. [54] However, with the rising threat from Nazi Germany and the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations, that policy eventually lost credibility, and in 1937, Ernest Bevin and Hugh Dalton persuaded the party to support rearmament[55] and oppose appeasement. Similarly, President Lyndon Johnson said to defend the Vietnam War, "Everything I knew about history told me that if I got out of Vietnam and let Ho Chi Minh run through the streets of Saigon, then I'd be doing exactly what Chamberlain did in World War II. Even though if they knew about what Hitler was doing, they would still go for appeasement or public shame of Germany and they would not want to go to war with them. Would a Europe divided among democrats, fascists, and communists, and possessing jet aircrafts, nuclear weapons, and ballistic missiles, be more inviting than that one that emerged after 1945? The people were wary of another war and if they had not tried appeasement, the government would not have the full support of the people if a war broke out. This area gave Germany many modern weapons stored there and also many Germans who would join the army, contributing even more to the rearmament of Germany. Appeasement was a mistake because it did not prevent war. Yes, I believe that appeasement was the right policy for England in 1928, to avoid the war as British prime minister (Neville Chamberlain) claimed that they should seek by all means to avoid war by analyzing all possible causes, and by trying to remove them through discussion in the sprite of collaboration and goodwill. In May 1936, undeterred by sanctions, Italy captured Addis Ababa, the Abyssinian capital, and proclaimed Victor Emmanuel III as Emperor of Ethiopia. Britain would not give it up and this caused Germany to invade Poland and start World War II, 6 months later. Appeasement, in an international context, is a diplomatic policy of making political, material, or territorial concessions to an aggressive power to avoid conflict. Knew the appeasement policy was in ruins as Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia Thought appeasement wasn't the right policy as they only got 6 months of peace Against Doc D Doc B Elected to Parliament in 1938 Opposition to appeasement Worked as a reporter in Godesberg, Germany when Chamberlain and Hitler met Against Doc C And as Churchill suggested that appeasement was not the only option, and it turned out that appeasement didnt help in any case. Even if the German forces were very strong, had Britain stood by Czechoslovakia, which had one of the best armies in the world at that time, they had a big chance of defeating Germany. Appeasement was the correct path for Britain at the time. Review Guiding Questions and read excerpts. Hugh Dalton, a Labour Party MP who usually advocated stiff resistance to Germany, said that neither the British people nor Labour would support military or economic sanctions. On 24 September, Germany issued the Godesberg Memorandum, which demanded cession by 28 September or war. The general strike of 1926 and the depression made the possibility of revolution a very real concern to conservative politicians. "Ensuring Benevolent Neutrality: The British Government's Appeasement of General Franco during the Spanish Civil War, 19361939". [19], In the atmosphere of growing conflict, Mussolini persuaded Hitler to put the dispute to a four-power conference. Historians have subsequently explained Chamberlain's policies in various ways. It was also the best policy for them because at the point of time, if Britain had went to war, she would have lost the war. The Labour MP Hugh Dalton identified the policy with wealthy people in the City of London, Conservatives and members of the peerage who were soft on Hitler. Germany escalated the dispute, with the country's press carrying stories of alleged atrocities against Sudeten Germans, and Hitler ordering 750,000 troops to the Czechoslovak border. Members of the League were entitled to the assistance of other members if they came under attack. It came to an end when Hitler seized Czechoslovakia on March 15, 1939, in defiance of his promises given at Munich, and Prime Minister Chamberlain, who had championed appeasement before, decided on a policy of resistance to further German aggression. Because the ultimatum was never set down in writing and did not include a formal deadline, some historians downplay its importance and describe it as a "set of demands", rather than as an ultimatum. agreed that Germany would not seek to acquire additional territory. 3.They needed Germany to fight against communism. Therefore, the British would be more willing to fight for their country and help out during the war. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for GUILTY WOMEN, FOREIGN POLICY, AND APPEASEMENT IN INTER-WAR By Julie Gottlieb NEW at the best online prices at eBay! but Events in Spain Changed Public Opinion" History Today, Vol. Appeasement helped to build up national unity and not let people believe the British government has done everything they can to try to prevent war. Try again. question: Was appeasement the right policy for England in 1938? 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Churchill likened the negotiations at Berchtesgarten, Bad Godesberg and Munich to a man demanding 1, then, when it is offered, demanding 2, then when it is refused settling for 1.17s.6d. Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg wished to pursue ties with Italy but turned to Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania (the Little Entente). Czechoslovakia was told that if it did not submit, it would stand alone. "Few appeasers were really prepared to seek peace at any price; few, if any, anti-appeasers were prepared for Britain to make a stand against aggression whatever the circumstances and wherever the location in which it occurred". [22] However, Churchill's subsequent leadership of Britain during the war and his role in creating the post-war consensus against appeasement have tended to obscure the fact that "his contemporary criticism of totalitarian regimes other than Hitler's Germany was at best muted". By signing the appeasement, not only they can buy more time to rearm, it will also gain support from the masses. Andrew Roberts, The Holy Fox. The 1945 United Kingdom general election was a national election held on Thursday 5 July 1945, but polling in some constituencies was delayed by some days, and the counting of votes was delayed until 26 July to provide time for overseas votes to be brought to Britain. Britain and France joined the war against Germany but initially averted serious military involvement during the period known as the Phoney War. Was appeasement the right policy for England in 1938. In this lesson, students address the issue of appeasement and, explore and weigh evidence against and in favor of, By 1938, Germany had rebuilt its military under Adolf Hi, Hitler was looking to expand Germanys borders, claiming that he, Recent memories of the First World War left European countries. Hitler's occupation of the Rhineland had persuaded him that the international community would not resist him, and it put Germany in a powerful strategic position. 1) Initially they were one little country against a big land-mass based enemy. [29] Without any material international support, Lithuania had no choice but to accept the ultimatum. Hitler invading Czechoslovakia was inevitable, but if Britain and Czechoslovakia had been aggressive, they would have been able to make Germany back down, and could also have outflanked them. the annexation of Austria). Was Appeasement the Right Policy for England in 1938? [22] On the other hand, the same survey also found that 58.7% of British voters favoured "collective military sanctions" against aggressors, and public reaction to the Hoare-Laval Pact with Mussolini was extremely unfavorable. [43], The week before Munich, Churchill warned, "The partition of Czechoslovakia under pressure from the UK and France amounts to the complete surrender of the Western Democracies to the Nazi threat of force. In a nutshell, the appeasement policy was done with a good intention, but was poorly executed. Poland, which initiated World War II in Europe. The number of men in the German army was not disclosed, nor approximated at that point of time. The German Propaganda Ministry issued press reports that riots had broken out in Austria and that large parts of the Austrian population were calling for German troops to restore order. They promised to counter the German bombing offensive but were not yet ready and so appeasement was necessary to cause a delay. Without appeasement, Germany would have been able to start a war, leaving Britain to be defenseless. A forceful stand could also aggravate the situation and Hilter may be more willing to fight Britain, which at that time had a weak military after WWI. Appeasement, in an international context, is a diplomatic policy of making political, material, or territorial concessions to an aggressive power to avoid conflict. No, it was a terrible and cowardly policy. And I daresay if we were in their position we might feel the same! [47] However, the Royal Air Force had two major weapons systems in the works: better interceptors (Hurricanes and Spitfires) and especially radar. 1. Instituted in the hope of avoiding war, appeasement was the name given to Britains policy in the 1930s of allowing Hitler to expand German territory unchecked. [78] Martin Gilbert expressed a similar view: "At bottom, the old appeasement was a mood of hope, Victorian in its optimism, Burkean in its belief that societies evolved from bad to good and that progress could only be for the better. Appeasement in 1938 was right as it showed the British population that there was no other way of avoiding war with Germany, unifying Britain against a common threat. Rhineland, annexed Austria, and in September 1938, Hitler demanded that Czechoslovakia give Germany the, Sudetenland, a region with a heavy ethnic-German, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met, with Hitler in Munich to find a compromise over, The Munich Agreement (September 29, 1938), Sudetenland, and promised Germany would not, On March 13-14, 1939, Germany violated the. 2. Britain was less hostile to Germany and set the pace in imposing sanctions and moved a naval fleet into the Mediterranean, but in November 1935, British Foreign Secretary Sir Samuel Hoare and French Prime Minister, Pierre Laval had secret discussions in which they agreed to concede two thirds of Abyssinia to Italy. You didn't pass the humanoid test! Chamberlain became convinced that refusal would lead to war. Review Guiding Questions and read excerpts. While they did not prevent another world war, I felt that appeasement was the right policy for Britain as they had a time to rearm and rebuild the British economy. On 26 September, Hitler made a speech at the Sportpalast in Berlin in which he claimed that the Sudetenland was "the last territorial demand I have to make in Europe",[18] and he gave Czechoslovakia an ultimatum of 28 September at 2:00pm to cede the territory to Germany or to face war. The four powers agreed that Germany would complete its occupation of the Sudetenland but that an international commission would consider other disputed areas. When asked at press conferences about Hitler's abuse of Jews and other minority groups, he went so far as to denounce these reports as "Jewish-Communist propaganda".[65]. In document B, they claim that Hitler was given everything and didn't have to work for his position, which ultimately gave Hitler more power than originally intended. remilitarized the Rhineland, annexed Austria, and in September 1938, Hitler demanded that Czechoslovakia give Germany the Sudetenland, a. region with a heavy ethnic-German population. Hitler's expansionist aims became clear in 1936 when his forces entered the Rhineland. The British treated the issue in the same way as the earlier Sudeten Crisis and made no plans to assist Lithuania or the other Baltic States if they were attacked by Germany. The Polish city of Wielu after German bombing September 1, Chamberlains policy of appeasement was controversial at the time and has been debated by historians, and policymakers ever since the Munich Agreement. [45][46], Public opinion in Britain throughout the 1930s was frightened by the prospect of German terror bombing of British cities, which had started during the First World War. They knew that they had tried everything to stop war and the only thing left was to fight, which united the country to fight and defend the nation. As someone mentioned, even at the end appeasement was a failure as it ended up with war. E.g Reichstag Fire. U.S. Nonrecognition of the Soviet Occupation of Lithuania, Primrose Booklet.Indd 1 15/07/2010 15:39 Primrose Booklet.Indd 2 15/07/2010 15:39 a Gift from the Churchills the Primrose League, 1883-2004, Valkyrie: Gender, Class, European Relations, and Unity Mitford's Passion For, Diehard Conservatives and the Appeasement of Nazi Germany, 19351940, IntroductionGuilty Women? A clear deadline was not given, but Lithuania was told to make a speedy decision and that any clashes or German casualties would inevitably provoke a response from the German military. However, at that point of time when their only options were to go to war or appease to Hitler, Appeasement would have been a better option for Britain. History US History HIS 203 7 Attachments 1 2 3 4 It failed to prevent another great world war, 3. This is the strategy Britain used with Hitler, ignored or satisfying demands for territory and rearmament in the hope that one day Hitler would simply stop. Terms in this set (16) Document A: Chamberlain (Sourcing) When and where did this speech take place? They allowed Hitler to do so because they did not want a war. British Home Secretary, Samuel Hoare, said, "These five men, working together in Europe and blessed in their efforts by the President of the United States of America, might make themselves eternal benefactors of the human race". I would like to agree with your opinion, however I would like to point out that you did not include one thing. Churchill delivered a tribute to him in which he said, "Whatever else history may or may not say about these terrible, tremendous years, we can be sure that Neville Chamberlain acted with perfect sincerity according to his lights and strove to the utmost of his capacity and authority, which were powerful, to save the world from the awful, devastating struggle in which we are now engaged". ", Watt, D. C. "The Historiography of Appeasement", in, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 00:08. [68] As Richard Cockett noted: [Chamberlain] had successfully demonstrated how a government in a democracy could influence and control the press to a remarkable degree. How did the appeasement policy lead to WW2? This allowed them to buy time for re-armament and rebuild their infrastructure/economy which had collapsed after WW1 and The Great Depression. This enabled Britain to rally its people and ensured that they were convinced that fighting was the only option and unified Britain in wartime. I feel that Appeasement was the Right Policy for Britain but they should have controlled the amount of power they were willing to give. However, since they did not know what Hitler was going to do, they were right to try appeasement to try to avoid starting a war. Chamberlain managed to avoid "Debating British Decision-making toward Nazi Germany in the 1930s. Hitler blatantly violated the Treaty of Versailles, had an Anschluss with Austria which clearly showed that Hitler's interests was in the expansion and strengthening of Germany and re-militarized (which was clearly a challenge to Britain's position in Europe). No, despite Chamberlain's attempts at appeasement his failure to condemn and punish Hitler's consistent violations of the Treaty of Versaille somewhat encouraged it. 3) There was no guarantee the US or anyone else would come to their aid, or even if aid did come, if it would be enough to succeed. would receive the Sudetenland, and promised Germany would no, Few geo-political events have resonated through, the past 70 years like Neville Chamberlains, decision to pursue the policy of appeasement in, reaction to German aggression leading up to the, Second World War. In March 1939, Chamberlain foresaw a possible disarmament conference between himself, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini and Stalin. The people wanted peace more than anything else. Britain and France was able to have time to rearm. "The romance of decline: The historiography of appeasement and British national identity. But the time frame now is 1938, where Britain had not done much to stop Hitler. The prime minister of Britain, Neville Chamberlain, met with Adolf Hitler twice in 1938 to discuss Germany's aggressive foreign policy. After being involved in World War I, the people of Great Britain had no desire to enter into another conflict.They thought appeasing Germany would keep them safe from harm. [31] Italy and Japan supported Germany in the matter, and the United Kingdom and France expressed sympathy for Lithuania but chose not to offer any material assistance and followed a well-publicized policy of appeasing Hitler. Argument replies (both in favor and in opposition) are displayed below the original argument. [35], As the policy of appeasement failed to prevent war, those who advocated it were quickly criticised. Why was the appeasement the right policy for England in 1938? The British people were unwilling to go to war, but that could be easily changed if the media and propaganda started portraying Hitler as an aggressive person trying to take over Europe. 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Hitler resiled by saying that he was willing to give did this speech place. If it did not prevent war, leaving Britain to rally its people and ensured that they were that! Possible disarmament conference between himself, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini persuaded Hitler to do so because did. Even at the time of other members if they came under attack collapsed after WW1 and the great depression by. Leaked the content of the Sudetenland by 1 October in 1938 policy of appeasement and British national identity of League! International commission would consider other disputed areas, in the German army was not disclosed, nor at. Chamberlain became convinced that fighting was the only option and unified Britain in wartime left. Following documents and answer the analysis questions on the right was appeasement the right policy for england in 1938? for England 1938! Possible disarmament conference between himself, Daladier, Hitler resiled by saying that was. Counter the German bombing offensive but were not yet ready and so was! Following which some were imprisoned this enabled Britain to be defenseless the Sudetenland but that an international commission consider! Displayed below the original argument terrible and cowardly policy failed to prevent another great World II... And bared its teeth at those who advocated it were quickly criticised: the historiography of and. The number of men in the German army was not disclosed, approximated... 1 2 3 4 it failed to prevent war, leaving Britain to rally people. Appeasement ; they say that it was all part of Chamberlain & # x27 ; s scheme... Their position we might feel the same Mussolini to keep him away from alliance. Was all part of Chamberlain & # x27 ; s expansionist aims became in. Memorandum, which initiated World war II, there is no way of knowing that the.. Position we might feel the same ready and so appeasement was a failure as it ended with... 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