His theories of behavior stressed the unity of the organism with the environment; the book also outlined experimental method and research design. Amory: Ben and I are in an apartment in Washington D.C. thats bursting with morning light and books, and were flipping through some of our hosts old family photos. Amory: But Cameron was publishing articles and giving speeches about his work throughout his life. And these are pictures of him, these are both in the Adirondack Mountains. In his analysis, culture and society played a crucial role in the ability for one to function according to the demands necessary for human survival. There's Edgar Allan Poe stories and Sherlock Holmes stories. The psychological experimentation project, known as MK Ultra, was allegedly funded by the Canadian government and the United States Central Intelligence Agency. Peterborough County. Duncan Cameron is Ewen Cameron's son, and when he speaks of his father, he talks about a man who loved to hike, read science fiction, and who had an obituary that read, in part: "Those who are privileged to know him, even briefly, will not soon forget the warmth and kindliness of this understanding man." As time has worn on, its become the families of those victims who shoulder the burden. Don't worry, it gets worse. It has to do with another of his Adirondack hikes that changed the Cameron family forever. And he admits that the papers he removed are now destroyed. With a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, money from John Wilson McConnell of the Montreal Star, and a gift of Sir Hugh Allan's mansion on Mount Royal, the Allan Memorial Institute for psychiatry was founded. In 1926, he served as assistant medical officer there[9] and was introduced to psychiatrist Sir David Henderson, a student of Swiss-born US psychiatrist Adolf Meyer. And it was a great shock to everybody because he was 65 and in many ways, you know, going full throttle and at the top of his career. Father, Son and CIA by Harvey Weinstein p. Father, Son and CIA by Harvey Weinstein p. 100, Father, Son and CIA by Harvey Weinstein p. 101, Last edited on 16 February 2023, at 19:10, "Society of Biological Psychiatry 65th Annual Meeting Program Book (p. 14)", "World Psychiatric Association Chronology", "Current Comment: Psychiatric Examination of Rudolf Hess", The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control, "Doctor Looked After the Sick, And Looked Around for the CIA", "A History of Secret CIA Mind Control Research", "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron", Stunning tale of brainwashing, the CIA and an unsuspecting Scots researcher, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_Ewen_Cameron&oldid=1139756014, A passive man who "is afraid to say what he really thinks" and "will stand anything, and stands for nothing". He received an M.B., Ch.B. After one test he noted: "Although the patient was prepared by both prolonged sensory isolation (35 days) and by repeated depatterning, and although she received 101 days of positive driving, no favourable results were obtained." In 1928, Cameron left Baltimore for the Burghlzli, the psychiatric hospital of the University of Zurich, in Switzerland, where he studied under Hans W. Maier, the successor of Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler, who had significantly influenced psychiatric thinking. . But he has fond childhood memories of summers spent in New Yorks Adirondack Mountains, where his dads competitive nature led him again and again to the line of the horizon. In other words, they really must have seen that there was something wrong and crazy. Ewen Donald Cameron. In Cameron, the CIA had a psychiatrist, conveniently outside the United States, who was willing to do terminal experiments in electroshock, sensory deprivation, drug testing, and all of the above combined. Marian believes all of this was a result of her mother going into the Allan. Cameron used his ideas to implement policies on who should govern and parent in society. Amory: He doesnt explicitly say that he was the one who did the destroying. in psychological medicine from the University of Glasgow in 1924, a D.P.M. Then we brought them down I think it was probably during one of my infrequent jaunts up there I brought them down in my car, and I then took them over and deposited them at the American Psychiatric Association. Canada. The guilt of her baby's deadly staph infection stayed with her, and when she became pregnant with her second, and the CBC says she went into Cameron's care in February of 1960. Ben: Would you have anything that you would want to say to Dr. Cameron or his family? McGill's then-director of psychology, Dr. Donald Hebb, took the money and set up experiments using his ready-and-waiting pool of test subjects: students. Amory: Just not in the way he might have hoped. Ewen Cameron made the hike with Duncans younger brother, James. So I think the complaints of the doctors and nurses had reached their ears. . We shouldn't have done it, I'm sorry we did it.". Everyone who makes a monthly donation will get access to upcoming bonus content from the making of our series. Not all the time, but it's always there. [39], Social and intrapsychic behaviour analysis, Cameron and Freud: civilization and discontents. In fact, he might have enjoyed those more. Cameron stated, "Get it understood how dangerous these damaged, sick personalities are to ourselves and above all, to our children, whose traits are taking form and we shall find ways to put an end to them." Cameron would analyze what conditions produced the stronger worker, what would be the necessary conditions to replicate this personality and to reward the stronger while disciplining the weaker. Which suggests it was for purposes of, not closure, but of not wanting information to come to light that was in the papers. I'm sure that they loved him very much and knew him in a very different way. While more is known about the experiments of Dr. Ewen Cameron than about some of the other MKUltra projects, there's still a lot of information missing. Did it work? with distinction from the University of Glasgow in 1936.[8]. Even as he wrote about Cameron's "warmth [which was] never allowed to appear as intimacy," he wrote about a pretty big blind spot: Cameron had apparently hired a few assistants with "psychopathic personalities.". Though he did visit the Allan Memorial on occasion. The sick were, for Cameron, the viral infection to its stability and health. And we would take off. Cameron wrote that mental illness was transmitted generationally; thus, the re-occurrence of mental illness could be stopped by remodeling and expanding existing concepts of marriage suitability, as well as the quarantine of mentally ill individuals from the general population. [13], In 1945, Cameron, Nolan D. C. Lewis and Dr Paul L. Schroeder, colonel and psychiatrist, University College of Illinois, were invited to the Nuremberg trials for a psychiatric evaluation of Rudolf Hess. In some cases, applicants couldn't prove the conditions they currently lived with were a direct result of what they went through at Allan, and in others, they were treated outside of the time frame. Kinzer: Later on, it became the basis for manuals that the CIA provided in the 1980s to police forces in Latin America that were known to practice torture. Ben: The main takeaway here is Duncan admitting that he did remove documents pertaining to specific patients, before giving his dads papers to the archives. Ben: Sure. I mean, he was fascinated with the future in his own field of psychiatry, medicine and government. Amory: Duncan struggles dealing with his dads legacy because he cant speak to why his dad did what he did. music, sound effects, tone) are harder to translate to text. Cameron stayed there for seven years and was made physician-in-charge of the Reception Unit of the Provincial Mental Hospital. We put this to Harvey Weinstein, the psychiatrist we heard from earlier, whose father was a patient at the Allan. Amory: Duncan also has an easy, quiet smile. You have been subscribed to WBUR Today. He did and he got it. Stephen Kinzer: In the end, Gottlieb was forced to conclude that there's no such thing as mind control and that everything he had done had been for naught. Ex-husband of Enid Agnes Maud Watson. Cregg: What do you know about mind-control experiments? According to The Washington Post, Cameron was recruited in 1957, and he was a big deal. Shes a member of SAAGA, or Survivors Allied Against Government Abuse. And he didn't achieve that either. And here I am looking much younger than I am now. And he put Camerons treatment program under the microscope. You can try, The 1963 "Kubark Counterintelligence Interrogation" manual, "CIA's Secret Brainwashing Experiment" (1984), "Brainwashed: The Secret CIA Experiments in Canada" (2017), Jim Turner and Joseph Rauh's lawsuit debrief: "Anatomy Of A Public Interest Case Against The CIA,", Send us a direct message on Reddit. ", And what about the CIA, who had approved and funded the research in the first place? He died of a heart attack while climbing a mountain in the Adirondacks in 1967. While guys like Freud encouraged talking through problems, Cameron thought things like electroshock therapy and drug cocktails could be used to physically change the brain and get rid of the illness in question. The program is widely believed to have been partly funded by the United States Central Intelligence Agency as part of their top-secret MKULTRA program. Amory: In spite of Camerons ambition and prestige, he never helped find a cure for mental illness, he never won a Nobel Prize for psychiatry. This is Part 5. About 55 families of victims who underwent medical experimentation in the 1950s and 1960s are suing for millions of dollars. Because it would seem to me, or I was concerned as a lawyer, that it might be a breach of the patient-doctor privilege. Most of the patient files are gone, and according to WBUR, they weren't just misplaced, they were destroyed. Ben: Camerons research could never happen today at least not lawfully. The human significance of his dark legacy was brought to public attention when nine of his Canadian victims filed lawsuits in 1980s twenty-one years after Camerons death. When then-CIA director Stansfield Turner testified about the program in 1977, he said (via the Smithsonian) that the bottom line was to develop "the use of biological and chemical materials in altering human behavior." Hes in his mid-80s now. Hebb who did pay the students for their participation basically put them in a room for 24 hours, in a set-up that deprived them of all sensory input. Ben Brock Johnson: So what do you have in front of you here? You know, my job was to look out for the cops. Please note . Cameron was born on December 24, 1901, in Scotland and graduated from the University of Glasgow in 1924. Ben: Even though Cameron never gave the CIA the keys to control peoples minds, he did give them the tools to break peoples minds down experimental drugs, recordings on loop, sensory deprivation. Here, patients were exposed to a range of RF and electromagnetic signals and monitored for changes in behaviour. The manual got updated in 1980, but the techniques that have come about including things like waterboarding and restraint in a "coffin-like wooden box" still harken back to that original research. Donald Cameron of Lochiel (c.1700 - October 1748), was an influential Highland Clan Chief known for his magnanimous and gallant nature. That was in December of 1959, and according to the lawsuit (via the Consumer Law Group), Cameron diagnosed Morrow as having "nervousness and tension." The idea was turning the mind into a fresh slate for the next part of the process, called "psychic driving.". Kinzer: If Cameron had failed to find an effective means of mind control despite carrying out the most reckless experiments, in which he was willing to take any kind of a grotesque step in an effort to find that key, this must have helped feed Gottlieb's conclusion that the whole thing didn't exist. Those with anxieties or insecurities and who had trouble with the state of the world were labelled as "the weak"; in Cameron's analysis, they could not cope with life and had to be isolated from society by "the strong". He served as president of the American Psychiatric Association (19521953), Canadian Psychiatric Association (19581959),[2] American Psychopathological Association (1963),[3] Society of Biological Psychiatry (1965)[4] and the World Psychiatric Association (19611966). Case of Gail Kastner: The shock treatment turned the then 19 year old honours student into a woman who sucked her thumb, talked like a baby, demanded to be fed from a bottle and urinated on the floor. At that point her affluent family abandoned her and she lived in poverty. Amory: Duncan has a very different picture of his father, a whole bunch of them actually. The lawsuits were dismissed, even though it was later shown there were a higher-than-usual number of people diagnosed with schizophrenia, presumably to increase Cameron's subject pool. Traces of some survived, including documentation on Sub-project 42 also known as Operation Midnight Climax and sub-project 68. In 1984, New Scientist reported on a lawsuit filed on behalf of some of the people who ended up a part of MKUltra's Sub-project 68. Not only was Ewen Cameron running the Allan Memorial, but he was leading psychiatric organizations, he was teaching at McGill University, and he was still seeing private patients. Amory: In the Lake Placid community where Dr. Camerons family spent the bulk of their summers, his sudden death from a heart attack while hiking was big news. [citation needed]. Agnes was born in 1844, in Richmond Victoria Australia. If you haven't heard Parts 1 through 4 yet, you can find them here, here,here,and here. If I put you through this program, within 24 hours to 48 hours you'll be in a diagnosable psychotic state. Shes also signed on to the class-action lawsuit against McGill University, the Canadian government, and the CIA. Lloyd Schrier, son of Cameron patient Esther Schrier, told the CBC, "Oh, 'He was God-like,' they would say." Alison believes those random phrases her mother would sometimes say were from the recordings that she'd been forced to listen to for hours. Some of this work took place in the context of the Project MKUltra program for the developing of mind control and torture techniques, psychoactive poisons, and behavior modification systems. And, later on to guidebooks for what we now call enhanced interrogation at places like Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib. Did he ever talk about that? [14] Hess later confessed that he had faked the amnesia. Cameron never got his Nobel Prize in fact, he died not long after leaving Allan Memorial Institute. He was there when his legal partner, Joseph Rauh, took Camerons deposition. Amory: You're welcome to pull it out now. And I recall going through them and *taking out* several papers that appeared to me to be identified or could be identified as dealing with a particular patient. [31][2] In her book, In the Sleep Room: The Story of the CIA Brainwashing Experiments in Canada,[32] author Anne Collins explored the history of Cameron and Montreal's Allan Memorial Institute. There was also Donald Hebb, who ran McGills psychology department at the time Cameron was running its psychiatry department. (Beyond Nuremburg, ABA Journal March 1997; News accounts of five legal cases at: The Law and Mind Control Mind Control Through Five Cases). Memories are not the most reliable form of evidence. Heads up that some elements (i.e. Operating under the umbrella of MKUltra were as many as 162 sub-projects, with as many as 80 different organizations involved in research. They had four children; a daughter and three sons. And I think you have, as much as love that you had for him you also had respect for him. Heres documentarian Stephen Bennett, whose film Eminent Monsters looks at the real echoes of Camerons work in government interrogation programs today. In 1946, Cameron introduced the practice of the day hospital, the first of its kind in North America, permitting patients to remain at home while receiving treatment at the institute during the day, thus avoiding unnecessary hospitalization and allowing the patients to maintain ties with their community and family. [6] Decades after his own death, the psychic driving technique he developed continued to see extensive use in the torture of prisoners around the world. His focus on children included the rights to protection against outmoded, doctrinaire tactics, and the necessity for the implantation of taboos and inhibitions from their parents. Other similar psychiatric diagnoses of Germany were published during this time. Jim Turner: The most salient point that I recall is that Camerons son told us that he'd taken his father's private records and had destroyed them. Ben: OK. Fair. It's hardwired into the brain. Like, did she always have problems? And he said, Oh, gosh. She goes, No. She was the one that was gonna go and conquer the world. Hebb submitted his findings to the CIA, and it ended up being just the beginning. Marian Read: So for me, the importance of all of this is to get it out of the shadows of pulp fiction, you know Amory: This is Marian Read. All Germans on trial would be assessed according to the likeliness for committing the crime. Her family sued, first based on the treatment alone, then again, after discovering she was a part of the MKUltra program. And how his work lives on. Ben: The manual was all about how to obtain information from quote resistant sources. It went on to become the basis for the Phoenix Program during the Vietnam War. There is no such thing as closure. We encourage you to research and examine these records . He commuted from Lake Placid, New York to Montreal every week to work at McGill's Allan Memorial Institute and was paid $69,000 from 1957 to 1964 to carry out MKUltra experiments there, known as the Montreal experiments. As for the ongoing lawsuits, some of the plaintiffs have actually contacted Duncan wondering if hed be willing to support their efforts. Like in Nicaragua, where he was The New York Times Bureau Chief. Old '45" Cameron Major Cameron (1663 - 1718) family tree on Geni, with over 230 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. He furthered his diagnostic definitions of clinical states such as anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. Hij is getrouwd met (Niet openbaar), ze kregen 1 kind. We love making Endless Thread, and we want to be able to keep making it far into the future. And here he is with me many years ago. Amory: This is from The Adirondack Daily Enterprise, is the name of the paper. Amory: And I think you may have given a deposition for that. Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel, 17t. [7], Donald Ewen Cameron was born in Bridge of Allan, Scotland, the oldest son of a Presbyterian minister. Dr. Ewen Cameron wanted to win a Nobel Prize for his work in psychiatry. A notoriously tough climb, he did it with his son James, and when he got to the top, he had a heart attack and died almost instantly. John Marks observes, Ewen Cameron did not need the CIA to corrupt him. According to what his son, Duncan, told WBUR, it was 1967 when he decided to climb Street Mountain in the Adirondacks. So we don't have. Amory: He remembers his dad working a lot during this time, which, definitely tracks. In 1929 he moved to Canada where he worked in the Brandon Mental Hospital in Manitoba as the physician in charge. These experiments were typically carried out on patients who had entered the Institute for minor problems such as anxiety disorders and postnatal depression; many were permanently debilitated after these treatments. John Marks: There must have been clinical documents. And I feel for them for that. Skip Ancestry main menu Main Menu. And this is a picture up with my brother, Stuart. [5], Cameron was involved in administering electroconvulsive therapy and experimental drugs, including poisons such as curare and hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamide, to patients and prisoners without their knowledge or informed consent. Psychiatric experimentation: the lessons or history, The Journal of the California Alliance for the Mentally Ill, 1994, Vol. Today, we're talking to one of the only people who will stand up for Dr. Cameron. And he was always very fascinated by what the future held for us all. Amory: Marian was 5 years old when her mom was admitted to the Allan for what she thinks was postpartum depression. (McCoy, 2007), According to Leonard Rubenstein, an attorney for plaintiffs [Mrs. David Orlikow et al. Josh Crane Twitter Producer, Podcasts & New ProgramsJosh is a producer for podcasts and new programs at WBUR. Amory: Dr. Ewen Cameron will never be able to respond to the intergenerational trauma created by his work. Just as Sigrid Schultz stated in Germany will try it again, Cameron fostered a fear for Germans and their genetic determination. For example, something like rock music could be created by mentally ill people and would produce mentally ill people through infection, which in turn would be transmitted to the genes. He first solved the problem by wiring the speakers into football helmets and locking them onto patients' heads, but that ended up being not ideal. His goal was to standardize his treatment, and once he did it for schizophrenia, he believed he would open a "gateway through which we might pass into a new field of psychotherapeutic methods." He warned that government institutions should take measures against such potential liabilities. The lawsuits were dismissed, even though it was later shown . Amory: What was your father like as a dad? Any documents that related to patient treatment were destroyed? Cameron further argued that "the weak" must not influence children. In 1943, Cameron was invited to McGill University in Montreal by neurosurgeon Dr Wilder Penfield. Sign up and be the first to find out the latest news and articles about what's going on in the medical field. He studied Medicine at the University of Glasgow and obtained his degree in 1924. . According to the Allan to a range of RF and electromagnetic signals and monitored changes! Different way while climbing a mountain in the way he might have hoped something. 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